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An ionic bond if formed from the transfer of electrons from the outer shell of atoms. The donor of the electrons becomes positively charged as it has more protons than electrons, and so is called a cation...

Overall the closed system will behave by Le Chantelier's Principal where the equilibrium moves to minimise change.

So in the first case increasing the pressure will move the equilibrium to the righ...

When simple molecular substances such as a hydrocrabons are boiled, the intermolecular forces between the molecules are broken down. Heat energy is required to break down these forces. Butane is larger th...

A reversible reaction where the forward and backward reactions occur at the same rate.

The mixture of cryolite and aluminium oxide has a lower melting point than pure aluminium oxide. This means a lower amount of energy is required to establish effective conditions for electrolysis and thus...