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A gerund is a verbal noun which has an active force.

For example: Portare facile est = Carrying is easy, to carry is easy.

Gerund have no plurals,...

An ablative absolute is a noun + participle phrase which doesn't have any grammatical connection to the rest of the sentence, in which the noun and participle are in the ablative and agree in gender and n...

An "ablative absolute" is made up of a noun and a participle in the ablative. It's called an absolute because it's grammatically independent from the rest of the sentence....

We have seen how the pluperfect is translated as 'I had x-ed' in the active form.

For all verbs to form the pluperfect you need to have

the perfect stem + the imperfect of t...

A verb in the pluperfect can be either active or passive.

When a verb is in the active form it is translated as 'I had x-ed' in the firs...