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Cytokinesis is really just a fancy word for cell division. It is an important stage in both mitosis and meiosis that allows 2 new cells to be produced from 1. The way this is achieved is through the use o...

Firstly, blood from the IVC (inferior vena cava), carrying deoxygenated blood from most of the body, after oxygen has been removed from the blood, diffused into the tissues and used for respiration, enter...

Unlike other muscle cells in the human body, cardiac muscle is able to contract independently of the central nervous system. This is because it contains ‘pacemaker cells’ which are able to spontaneously g...

Relevant Points:Loading: loading into companion cells, location of companion cells at source(s), active loading of sucrose, mitochondrial action in companion cells, mechanism of proton gradi...

Smoking can cause carbon monoxide poisoning, meaning that carbon monoxide is carried in the blood via red blood cells instead of oxygen, leading to fatigue. Smoking can also cause lung cancer, as it conta...