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Unlike other muscle cells in the human body, cardiac muscle is able to contract independently of the central nervous system. This is because it contains ‘pacemaker cells’ which are able to spontaneously g...

Relevant Points:Loading: loading into companion cells, location of companion cells at source(s), active loading of sucrose, mitochondrial action in companion cells, mechanism of proton gradi...

Smoking can cause carbon monoxide poisoning, meaning that carbon monoxide is carried in the blood via red blood cells instead of oxygen, leading to fatigue. Smoking can also cause lung cancer, as it conta...

The formation of an enzyme substrate complex reduces the activation energy required for the reaction to take place by bending bonds. Without an enzyme, very few reactions would have the energy to take pla...

De-oxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the Vena Cava, it then passes into the right ventricle due to gravity and the contraction of the walls of the right atrium. The walls of the right ventricl...