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the simplest molecule present is beta glucose. These are bonded to each other via glycosidic bonds through a condensation reaction. Each molecule has been rotated 180 degrees compared to the previous one....

An inactive or weak form of the pathogen is introduced to the patient. This stimulates the production of lymphocytes which then produce antibodies against the antigen. Memory cells are also generated. If ...

Light energy excites electrons in chlorophyll to a higher energy level. The electrons pass down the electron transfer chain, reducing carriers as they go and releasing energy. The energy lost is used to g...

Genes are regions of DNA that code for proteins. They are transcribed into mRNA and translated into proteins at the ribosome. Genes are formed of nucleotides, or the bases that are found in DNA (Adenine, ...

The adult was exposed to the toxin when they were a child, this developed an immune response. This immune response stimulated B lymphocytes to proliferate, these then made memory B lymphocytes. The memory...