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A myelinated neurone is insulated by a layer of Schwann cells that make up the myelin sheath. This aids in the faster conduction of an action potential down the neuronal axon. Depolarisation of the axon c...

shivering - muscles contract rapidly, causes more respiration which releases energy blood vessels near skin constrict - blood flow to skin decreases, less energy lost to surroundings

The first thing to remember is that muscles always act in pairs; so when one contracts, the other relaxes. Think of the muscles in your arm; when you bend your arm towards you, the bicep contracts so beco...

unevenly thickened cell wall able to change shape / bendtransport proteins / ion pumps, in plasma membrane(presence of) chloroplasts (to provide, ATP / energy)

Firstly, depolarization of the neuronal membrane occurs. This is due to a stimulus which causes voltage-gated sodium ion channels to open, allowing sodium ions to diffuse down their concentration gradient...