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inactive pathogens 

white blood cells produce antibodies 

these antibodies can be then quickly released whrn the immune system comes into contact with the live pathogen and destoy it 

Via osmosis, water travels down the concentration gradient to an area of lower water concentration and higher concntration of other substances.

Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules from a high water potential to a low water potential through a semi-permeable membrane. It is different from diffusion as it is through a semi-permeable memb...

cell wall, vacoule, chloroplasts 

1. heat with HCl 2) neutralise with NAHCO3 3) add benedicts soln and gently heat in a water bath 4) if the soln changes colour from blue to a brick red precipitate, then non reducing sugars were involv...