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A proton ( H+ ion) donor

Well... chemistry is the study of very tiny particles (electrons, atoms, molecules). It would be very hard for us to work with, and make calculations with, a single particle. A 'mole' is just 6.022x10^23 ...

The outer electron is further from the nucleus of the atom, therefore feeling less effective nuclear attraction .
As you descend the group 1 metals, more shells of electrons are present in the metal...

CnH2n+2

1s² 2s² 2p⁵