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A reversible reaction where the forward and backward reactions occur at the same rate.

The mixture of cryolite and aluminium oxide has a lower melting point than pure aluminium oxide. This means a lower amount of energy is required to establish effective conditions for electrolysis and thus...

Differences in size of an ionic lattice are directly linked to differences in how exothermic the lattice enthalpy of a salt is. 

Mg²⁺ has a smaller radius than Ca²⁺  and thus ...

It may seem counterintuative that as the elemets' atomic numbers increase their atomic radii decrease. This is due to the increased electrostatic attraction (coulombic interaction) between nucleus and val...

Key facts to be noted by student:

Molar mass of ethanoic acid = 60 g/mol.

pK_a = -log(K_a)

pH =-log([H⁺])

Concentration of acid solution = 3/60 =...