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An ionic bond if formed from the transfer of electrons from the outer shell of atoms. The donor of the electrons becomes positively charged as it has more protons than electrons, and so is called a cation...

Overall the closed system will behave by Le Chantelier's Principal where the equilibrium moves to minimise change.

So in the first case increasing the pressure will move the equilibrium to the righ...

When simple molecular substances such as a hydrocrabons are boiled, the intermolecular forces between the molecules are broken down. Heat energy is required to break down these forces. Butane is larger th...

In Chemistry we need to know the structures of the molecules we make and work with. We use spectroscopy to work out the shapes of these molecules. Mass spectrometry is one type of spectroscopy and weighs ...

A nucleophile and a base are both nucleophilic that means they both have afinity for a electron poor target. Both nucleophile and base are electron rich, often have lone pair of electrons such as Oxygen a...