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1. atomic radius: the larger the atomic radius, the smaller the attraction of the outer shell electrons to the nucleus so the ionisation energy is lower reduced as atomic radius increases. 2. nuclear c...

In a carbon dioxide molecule, the central carbon atom is surrounded by two areas of electron density. These are the bonds to the oxygen molecules. These areas of electron density are negatively charged an...

reactivity increases DOWN the group

Extra shells of electrons means there is increased shielding, and therefore atomic radii increases

even though nuclear charge increases, the extra shieldi...

To make life easier we often treat molecules as flat - for example we draw methane on a page as a carbon with 4 hydrogens bonded to it at perfect 90 degree angles. This isn't really the case. Electron-ele...

Br2 molecules are larger than Cl2 molecules, so more electrons are present in Br2 molecules. Therefore there are stronger van der waals forces between Br2 molecules than Cl2 molecules, so more energy is n...