Search over 10,000 free study notes

Chlorine, Cl, and Florine, F are both in group 7 of the periodic table so they have 7 electrons in the outer energy level, called valence electrons. Each fluorine atom makes one covalent bond to the chlor...

Graphite has a giant covalent structure consisting of layers of carbon atoms. Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons that are available for bonding. In graphite, each carbon atom is covalently bonded to 3 ...

The top number is the total mass number, particles in an atom of an element that have mass are protons and neutrons. So the top number tells us how many protons and neutrons there are in an atom of that e...

In a fractionating column there is a temperature gradient that goes from being very hot at the bottom, to much cooler at the top. Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons of different lengths, and we know ...

A pair of strutural isomers are two molecules which have the same molecular formula; the same number of each atom, but which have these atoms arranged differently, and are therefore distinct molecules. An...