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Bond lengths - a single bond is 0.153nm while a double bond is 0.134nm, making Kekulé's model of alternating single and double bonds asymmetric. Other evidence shows benzene to be symmetr...

As the charge of an ion increases, so does its charge density. The ion can therefore form stronger electrostatic forces of attraction, resulting in stronger bonds. As these bonds form to produce a lattice...

An aldehyde will react with Tollen's reagent to form a characteristic silver mirror, whereas a ketone will not react. This is because an aldehyde can be oxidised to a carboxylic acid, reducing Tollen's re...

The relative formula madd of a compound comes from the total mass of all of the elments within the compound.

So in the case of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) we have;

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First of all we must appreciate the general trend in these ionisation energies. The will always be endothermic (takes in energy) since we must put energy into a system to overcome the strong electrostatic...