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The first ionisation energy is the energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms from its valence shell.
Hydrogen bonding is a strong dipole-dipole attraction between a lone pair of electrons on a highly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, and a hydrogen atom on another molecule. In the case of...
pH=-log[H+] Kw=[H+][OH-] GFE=enthalpy-(temp*entropy)
An endothermic process is one which cools as the reaction proceeds meaning that the entropy change of the reaction will be negative. These reactions may still be feasible as the spontaneous nature of a re...
pH = -log([H+])
Therefore, 10^(-pH) = [H+]
[H+] = 4.57x10^-3
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