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The vaccine contains parts of the pathogen that are recognised by the immune system, these are called antigens. The antigen is recognised by innate immune cells such as macrophages that will engulf the pa...

Dead plants are able to decay faster in soil where earthworms live as earthworms disrupt the compact nature of the soil allowing more oxygen to reach the soil. This means there is more aerobic respiration...

It is important that a cell membrane is intact as it protects cell contents from the external environment, and controls what can enter and exit the cell. At temperatures below normal, cell membrane perme...