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Electrons travel down the electron transport chain via electron carriers at successively lower energy levels. This causes protons to be pumped into the intermembranal space, establishing an electrochemica...

Attachment. A virus, for example a bacteriophage attaches to the surface receptor of the host bacterial cell.Penetration. The virus injects the viral DNA genome through the cell wall and the cell membrane...

Respiration - the biochemical process in which the cells of an organism obtain energy by combining oxygen and glucose, resulting in the release of carbon dioxide, water, and ATP (the currency of energy in...

The arrival of an action potential at the presynaptic neurone causes voltage gated Ca2+ channels to open, allowing Ca2+ to diffuse into the synaptic knob. The increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration in...

The initial ‘unzipping’ stage is carried out by DNA helicase, to create a fork of DNA with exposed base pairs. DNA helicase works by breaking the hydrogen bonds between b...