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Describe how bacteria are used to genetically modify crops.• Certain bacteria (Agrobacterium) can cause plant cells to multiply and form tumours by inserting plasmid DNA into genome of pl...

• DNA not copied properly before cell division: mistakes in copying; small errors - gene/point mutations • Chromosomes damaged/break: usually repair; but may repair incorrectly - large changes in may gene...

ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) is a hormone that is released by the brain. It is released if there is too much water loss via the kidneys, if this occurs, then the pituitary gland releases ADH into the blood...

Messenger RNA is produced via the process of transcription. DNA is transcribed into mRNA using RNA polymerase. First, the double helix structure of the DNA unravels, and the hydrogen bonds break between t...

Competitive inhibitors have a similar shape to the substrate and they compete with the substrate to bind to the enzymes active site. When they bind to the active site, they block the substrate from bindin...