Search over 10,000 free study notes

It is made up of 3 genes: lacZ, lacY and lacA which encode for B-galactosidase (LacZ), lactose permease (LacY), and another enzyme (not studied at A level) respectively.The functions of LacZ (the enzyme) ...

osmosis is the movement of water Across a semi permeable membrane. Water molecules more from an area of high water concentration to an are of low water. This would bean water would move from an area where...

Stimulus --> receptor --> coordinator --> effector --> response. Pin prick --> skin receptors --> sensory neurone --> relay neurone --> motor neurone --> effector muscle --> ...

Folding of proteins occurs in 4 distinct stages: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary. Primary structure is the formation of the amino acid (peptide) sequence, here the amino acids are joined toget...

During aerobic respiration, NAD and FAD collect protons and electrons from respiratory substrates. These electrons can be released into the transport chain of the mitochondrial matrix because oxygen is pr...