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A pathogen is a microorganism that causes a disease. Pathogens spread communicable diseases meaning that they are transmitted person to person and are infectious.
Types of pathogens include bacteria,...

The cell membrane separates the intracellular and extracellular environments. The lipid bilayer only allows small polar molecules (such as O2 or CO2), small hydrophobic molecules (fatty acids, steroid hor...

-A mutation in a pathogen may produce a new strain. This new strain may become resistant to an antibiotic through natural selection. The new strain ma...

p² + 2pq + q² = 1.0

p + q = 1.0

1.0 - p = q 

1.0 - 0.864 = 0.136

q = 0.136

-Spatial summation occurs when multiple presynaptic neurones together release enough neurotransmitter (e.g. acetylcholine) to exceed the threshold of the postsynaptic neurone. For exam...